1,006 research outputs found
Paranatural Category Theory
We establish and advocate for a novel branch of category theory, centered
around strong dinatural transformations (herein known as "paranatural
transformations"). Paranatural transformations generalize natural
transformations to mixed-variant difunctors, but, unlike other such
generalizations, are composable and exceptionally well-behaved. We define the
category of difunctors and paranatural transformations, prove a novel "diYoneda
Lemma" for this category, and explore some of the category-theoretic
implications.
We also develop three compelling uses for paranatural category theory:
parametric polymorphism, impredicative encodings of (co)inductive types, and
difunctor models of type theory. Paranatural transformations capture the
essence of parametricity, with their "paranaturality condition" coinciding
exactly with the "free theorem" of the corresponding polymorphic type; the
paranatural analogue of the (co)end calculus provides an elegant and general
framework for reasoning about initial algebras, terminal coalgebras,
bisimulations, and representation independence; and "diYoneda reasoning"
facilitates the lifting of Grothendieck universes into difunctor models of type
theory. We develop these topics and propose further avenues of research
Extraction of Surface-Related Features in a Recurrent Model of V1-V2 Interactions
Humans can effortlessly segment surfaces and objects from two-dimensional (2D) images that are projections of the 3D world. The projection from 3D to 2D leads partially to occlusions of surfaces depending on their position in depth and on viewpoint. One way for the human visual system to infer monocular depth cues could be to extract and interpret occlusions. It has been suggested that the perception of contour junctions, in particular T-junctions, may be used as cue for occlusion of opaque surfaces. Furthermore, X-junctions could be used to signal occlusion of transparent surfaces.In this contribution, we propose a neural model that suggests how surface-related cues for occlusion can be extracted from a 2D luminance image. The approach is based on feedforward and feedback mechanisms found in visual cortical areas V1 and V2. In a first step, contours are completed over time by generating groupings of like-oriented contrasts. Few iterations of feedforward and feedback processing lead to a stable representation of completed contours and at the same time to a suppression of image noise. In a second step, contour junctions are localized and read out from the distributed representation of boundary groupings. Moreover, surface-related junctions are made explicit such that they are evaluated to interact as to generate surface-segmentations in static images. In addition, we compare our extracted junction signals with a standard computer vision approach for junction detection to demonstrate that our approach outperforms simple feedforward computation-based approaches.A model is proposed that uses feedforward and feedback mechanisms to combine contextually relevant features in order to generate consistent boundary groupings of surfaces. Perceptually important junction configurations are robustly extracted from neural representations to signal cues for occlusion and transparency. Unlike previous proposals which treat localized junction configurations as 2D image features, we link them to mechanisms of apparent surface segregation. As a consequence, we demonstrate how junctions can change their perceptual representation depending on the scene context and the spatial configuration of boundary fragments
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Efficient and selective N-alkylation of amines with alcohols catalysed by manganese pincer complexes
Borrowing hydrogen (or hydrogen autotransfer) reactions represent straightforward and sustainable C-N bond-forming processes. In general, precious metal-based catalysts are employed for this effective transformation. In recent years, the use of earth abundant and cheap non-noble metal catalysts for this process attracted considerable attention in the scientific community. Here we show that the selective N-alkylation of amines with alcohols can be catalysed by defined PNP manganese pincer complexes. A variety of substituted anilines are monoalkylated with different (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic alcohols even in the presence of other sensitive reducible functional groups. As a special highlight, we report the chemoselective monomethylation of primary amines using methanol under mild conditions
Identification of a cytoplasmic motif in the erythropoietin receptor required for receptor internalization
AbstractErythropoietin (EPO) promotes the viability, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian erythroid progenitor cells via its specific cell surface receptor. The EPO receptor (EPO-R) is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily and is comprised of one identified subunit which homodimerizes upon ligand binding. To study the role of the intracellular domain of the EPO-R in the endocytosis of EPO, we compared the rate and extent of 125I-EPO endocytosis by wild type (wt) EPO-R and five cytoplasmically truncated EPO-Rs: 1â251 EPO-R, 1â257 EPO-R, 1â267 EPO-R, 1â276 EPO-R and 1â306 EPO-R which contain 4, 10, 20, 29 or 59 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain, respectively. We also studied an EPO-R mutant (PB) which lacks amino acid residues 281â300 of the cytoplasmic domain. The experiments were conducted in COS 7 cells transfected with the EPO-R cDNAs and in Ba/F3 cells stably expressing the wt EPO-R, 1â251 or 1â257 EPO-R. Cells expressing wt EPO-R, PB EPO-R (Î281â300), 1â276 EPO-R or 1â306 EPO-R internalized approximately 50% of 125I-EPO bound to the cell surface, while cells expressing 1â251, 1â257 or 1â267 EPO-R internalized only 25% of the bound 125I-EPO. The steady-state expression levels of these latter receptors on the cell surface were typically 2â5-fold higher than wt EPO-R. Our data indicate that amino acid residues 267â276 (FEGLFTTHK) of the EPO-R cytoplasmic domain may have a role in receptor internalization. Metabolic labeling experiments suggest that in transiently transfected COS 7 cells most of the wt EPO-R and 1â257 EPO-Rs do not exit the ER and may be degraded there. The half-life of both receptors was essentially similar and was in the range of 1 h. In Ba/F3 cells the mature Golgi processed 1â257 EPO-R was more stable than the corresponding form of the wt EPO-R, possibly contributing to its higher cell surface expression
Sec16 alternative splicing dynamically controls COPII transport efficiency
The transport of secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the
Golgi depends on COPII-coated vesicles. While the basic principles of the
COPII machinery have been identified, it remains largely unknown how COPII
transport is regulated to accommodate tissue- or activation-specific
differences in cargo load and identity. Here we show that activation-induced
alternative splicing of Sec16 controls adaptation of COPII transport to
increased secretory cargo upon T-cell activation. Using splice-site blocking
morpholinos and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering, we show that the
number of ER exit sites, COPII dynamics and transport efficiency depend on
Sec16 alternative splicing. As the mechanistic basis, we suggest the
C-terminal Sec16 domain to be a splicing-controlled protein interaction
platform, with individual isoforms showing differential abilities to recruit
COPII components. Our work connects the COPII pathway with alternative
splicing, adding a new regulatory layer to protein secretion and its
adaptation to changing cellular environments
Rasch Analysis, Dimensionality, and Scoring of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability and Aggression Subscales in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury
Objectives
To develop, for versions completed by individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and an observer, a more precise metric for the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Irritability and Aggression subscales using all behavioral item ratings for use with individuals with TBI and to address the dimensionality of the represented behavioral domains.
Design
Rasch and confirmatory factor analyses of retrospective baseline NPI data from 3 treatment studies.
Setting
Postacute rehabilitation clinic.
Participants
NPI records (N = 525) consisting of observer ratings (n = 287) and self-ratings (n = 238) by participants with complicated mild, moderate, or severe TBI at least 6 months postinjury.
Interventions
Not applicable.
Main Outcome Measures
Frequency and severity ratings from NPI Irritability/Lability and Agitation/Aggression subscales.
Results
Confirmatory factor analyses of both observer and participant ratings showed good fit for either a 1-factor or a 2-factor solution. Consistent with this, the Rasch model also fit the data well with aggression items indicating the more severe end of the construct and irritability items populating the milder end.
Conclusions
Irritability and aggression appear to represent different levels of severity of a single construct. The derived Rasch metric offers a measure of this construct based on responses to all specific items that is appropriate for parametric statistical analysis and may be useful in research and clinical assessments of individuals with TBI
Indiana Center for Brain Rehabilitation, Advanced Imaging, and Neuroscience (ICBRAIN): An IUPUI Signature Center Initiative
poster abstractThe Mission of the Indiana Center for Brain Rehabilitation, Advanced Imaging, and Neuroscience (ICBRAIN) is: to develop and disseminate techniques and methodologies for advanced neuroimaging and precision behavioral measurement to evaluate novel rehabilitation interventions for people with acquired brain injury. Traumatic and other types of acquired brain injury (ABI) affect millions of U.S. citizens each year, many of whom experience persistent disabilities. For example, among the estimated 1.4 million civilians who sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year, 50,000 die and a minimum of 80,000 sustain injuries of sufficient severity to require extended rehabilitation. The current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have increased awareness and mobilized interest in medical treatment and rehabilitation for returning soldiers with TBI (designated as the âsignature injuryâ of these conflicts). A 2008 study by the RAND corporation based on a random sample of 1,965 veterans estimated that, among 1.64 million returning veterans, approximately 320,000 experienced a probable TBI (19%). Over the past decade there has been a notable rise in research activities to address serious gaps in the knowledge base of ABI, including neuroimaging, outcome measurement, and intervention studies to change function. However, brain injury researchers have not yet established solid links between these research agendas. Such links are crucial for moving the evidence base forward to improve treatment outcomes. ICBRAIN will fill this gap in neuroscience by bringing together an interdisciplinary team of clinical researchers to (1) advance basic science and clinical knowledge to the next level of integration, (2) translate the knowledge gained directly into clinical care for improved patient outcomes, and (3) use the newly integrated knowledge to drive the leading edge of future research. ICBRAIN represents a unique collaboration among established clinical rehabilitation and measurement researchers in PM&R and at RHI and established researchers at the IU Center for Neuroimaging
The Suprafroth (Superconducting Froth)
The structure and dynamics of froths have been subjects of intense interest
due to the desire to understand the behaviour of complex systems where
topological intricacy prohibits exact evaluation of the ground state. The
dynamics of a traditional froth involves drainage and drying in the cell
boundaries, thus it is irreversible. We report a new member to the froths
family: suprafroth, in which the cell boundaries are superconducting and the
cell interior is normal phase. Despite very different microscopic origin,
topological analysis of the structure of the suprafroth shows that statistical
von Neumann and Lewis laws apply. Furthermore, for the first time in the
analysis of froths there is a global measurable property, the magnetic moment,
which can be directly related to the suprafroth structure. We propose that this
suprafroth is a new, model system for the analysis of the complex physics of
two-dimensional froths
âA nemzetköziâ mint governmentalitĂĄs
A hagyomĂĄnyosan hatalomközpontĂș politikai elemzĂ©sben âa nemzetköziâ (the
international) az ĂĄllamok rendszerĂ©nek sajĂĄtossĂĄga: anarchikus tĂ©r, amely minĆsĂ©gileg kĂŒlönbözik az ĂĄllamon belĂŒli viszonyoktĂłl. A normaközpontĂș iskola ezzel szemben egyre inkĂĄbb a közös Ă©rtĂ©kek allokĂĄciĂłjĂĄnak terepekĂ©nt Ă©rtelmezi, mely rokonsĂĄgot mutat mĂĄs politikai terekkel. Az irodalom ilyen kettĂ©vĂĄlĂĄsa mellett a hatalomelemzĂ©s privilegizĂĄlĂĄsa azzal
jĂĄr, hogy elveszĂtjĂŒk kĂ©pessĂ©gĂŒnket âa nemzetköziâ rendszerszintƱ vĂĄltozĂĄsĂĄnak vizsgĂĄlatĂĄra, mĂg a normĂĄkra fĂłkuszĂĄlva felĂĄldozzuk a hatalom tanulmĂĄnyozĂĄsĂĄt. MeglĂĄtĂĄsunk szerint
âa nemzetköziâ ma lĂ©tezĆ konceptualizĂĄlĂĄsai (WebertĆl eredve) MorgenthautĂłl szĂĄrmaznak,
akinĂ©l a fogalom az ĂĄllamok közötti tĂ©r ideĂĄltĂpusĂĄt jelentette. TanulmĂĄnyunk Mike Williams munkĂĄssĂĄgĂĄra Ă©pĂtve kĂnĂĄlja e kĂ©t tudĂłs koncepciĂłinak Ășj olvasatĂĄt. Morgenthau azzal,
hogy âa politikaitâ ideĂĄltipikus szfĂ©rakĂ©nt azonosĂtja, lehetĆvĂ© teszi a konstruktivista jellegƱ
tĂĄrsadalomelmĂ©leti megfigyelĂ©seket is. SpeciĂĄlis ideĂĄltĂpusa azonban, melyet a nemzetközi
politikĂĄra alkotott, eredeti weberi szempontjai alapjĂĄn frissĂtĂ©sre szorul. Azzal prĂłbĂĄlunk
eleget tenni ennek a kihĂvĂĄsnak, hogy Michel Foucault elmĂ©letĂ©bĆl merĂtve megalkotjuk
âa nemzetköziâ olyan Ă©rtelmezĂ©sĂ©t, amely azt a governmentalitĂĄs tĂĄrsadalmilag beĂĄgyazott
terepekĂ©nt fogja fel. Olyan (hatalmi viszonyok ĂĄltal meghatĂĄrozott) struktĂșrakĂ©nt, amely
tĂĄmogatja a (kormĂĄnyzati racionalitĂĄskĂ©nt meghatĂĄrozott) politikai uralom kĂŒlönbözĆ, vĂĄltozĂł gyakorlatait, valamint ĂĄgenciĂĄkat (pĂ©ldĂĄul politikai intĂ©zmĂ©nyeket) generĂĄl
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